According to Active Micro Technologies (a manufacturer of aspen tree bark extract powder), their product PhytoCide contains mostly salicylates. Salicylic acid which does occur in aspen bark is a nice preservative weren’t it for the fact that it requires a quite low pH. In other plants such as willow and meadowsweet, different salicylates are predominant and include salicin which degrades to salicyl alcohol upon metabolism or hydrolysis but both compounds aren’t antimicrobials. Methyl salicylate, another natural derivative, shows antimicrobial activity but does not occur in aspen but in wintergreen essential oil. Salicortin, tremulacin, tremuloidin and similar derivatives found in aspen and willow might show certain antimicrobial activities but are poorly investigated and may only become active upon metabolisation (leading to salicylic acid with all it’s pros and cons).
I really don’t know why PhytoCide should show any useful preservative efficacy over the claimed pH range of 3 to 9.